El efecto Papageno: una revisión de alcance
Resumen
Introducción: En España, el suicidio es la primera causa de muerte externa entre los adolescentes de 15 a 19 años y entre los adultos en general, produciéndose en el año 2020 un total de 4000 muertes no naturales y evitables. Si bien a lo largo del tiempo se ha objetivado cómo a través de los medios de comunicación se han potenciado los efectos imitadores de suicidio (efecto Werther), desde hace dos décadas se está investigando la posibilidad de que estos formen parte de los factores protectores contra las muertes por suicidio (efecto Papageno). Por ello, a través de una revisión de alcance y como objetivo general se pretende explorar la literatura existente sobre el efecto Werther y el efecto Papageno, y como objetivo específico, conocer qué intervenciones, basadas en la evidencia científica, han sido útiles y seguras para reforzar el efectoPapageno.
Metodología: Revisión de alcance a través de bases de datos (Medline, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library). Como criterios de inclusión, se aceptó cualquier artículo que tratase el efecto Papageno, excluyendo aquellos que no estuviesen publicados en inglés o castellano o formasen parte de la literatura gris.
Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 13 artículos, publicados la mayoría de ellos en Austria. Se observó que la tendencia de los estudios descriptivos (n = 5) estuvo orientada al análisis y estudio del efectoWerther y que los estudios de diseño analítico-experimental (n = 7) estuvieron focalizados en el estudio del efecto Papageno sobre población general, específica, vulnerable y sobre los profesionales sanitarios. Solo hubo un estudio de carácter cualitativo. Las intervenciones que se encontraron fueron la exposición a lecturas, relatos, videos y páginas web.
Conclusiones: En la actualidad, se ha observado un cambio de perspectiva en el que las investigaciones se están focalizando en el efecto Papageno (protector) más que en el efecto Werther (de riesgo) para la prevención de las ideaciones y actos suicidas en población general, específica, vulnerable y sobre el personal sanitario. Las intervenciones que han sido útiles para potenciar el efecto Papageno han sido la exposición a lecturas, relatos, videos y páginas web siempre que aportasen información personal sobre estrategias de afrontamiento efectivas (a través de profesionales sanitarios con o sin experiencias personales propias) y recursos comunitarios sobre cómo y dónde pedir ayuda.
Citas
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